Why Is Car Insurance Mandatory?

Last Updated on December 12, 2025

Have you ever wondered, “why is car insurance mandatory?” The short answer: states require it to make sure people who cause crashes can pay for the damage they cause.

There’s no federal law that forces every driver to buy auto insurance. Instead, each state sets its own “financial responsibility” rules. As of today, car insurance is required to drive on public roads in 49 states (plus Washington, D.C.)—with New Hampshire as the key exception. Virginia’s old opt-out system ended on July 1, 2024, and insurance is now required for vehicles registered there.

Below, we’ll cover the history of mandatory car insurance, where it’s required, why it’s required, and how much insurance is mandatory—so you can understand what’s required (and what’s smart) before you hit the road.

Key Takeaways

• Auto insurance isn’t required by a federal law—requirements are set by each state, and today it’s required in 49 states (plus D.C.), with New Hampshire as the major exception.
• States mandate insurance so victims aren’t stuck unpaid after crashes—average auto liability claims can run into the tens of thousands of dollars.
• Minimum required coverage varies by state, and minimum limits are often too low to protect you financially after a serious accident.
• No-fault states typically require PIP coverage, and “choice no-fault” states may let drivers opt into or out of the no-fault system.

A Short History of the Debate Over Mandatory Insurance

The debate over mandatory auto insurance goes back nearly as far as cars themselves. Once automobiles became common, it became obvious that crashes could cause expensive injuries and property damage—and that many at-fault drivers wouldn’t have enough money to pay victims out of pocket.

One widely cited milestone: Massachusetts became the first state to require the purchase of auto liability insurance in 1927. Over time, nearly every state adopted some form of compulsory insurance or “financial responsibility” system to protect crash victims.

The mandate hasn’t been controversy-free. In California, for example, the state’s mandatory auto insurance law was challenged on affordability grounds, and the California Supreme Court ultimately upheld the law, keeping the mandate in place.

Today, liability insurance (or a state-approved alternative) is mandatory almost everywhere because it protects people who are injured—or whose property is damaged—by an at-fault driver who otherwise couldn’t afford the losses.

Where Car Insurance Is Required and Where It Isn’t

In the United States, requirements are set at the state level, so they vary. But the big picture is simple:

• New Hampshire is the best-known state where auto insurance isn’t mandatory for every driver—as long as you can prove you can take financial responsibility if you cause a crash.
• Virginia used to allow drivers to opt out by paying an uninsured motor vehicle fee, but that option ended on July 1, 2024. If your vehicle is registered in Virginia, you must carry insurance that meets the state’s liability limits.

Every other state requires some form of liability coverage (or a state-approved alternative like a surety bond or cash deposit). Requirements can also differ for no-fault states, rideshare drivers, and drivers with certain violations.

• Click here to view the current auto insurance requirements in your state

Why Auto Insurance Is Required in Most States

Auto insurance is required for one core reason: a driver is responsible for the harm they cause. Without insurance, victims could be stuck chasing an at-fault driver who can’t pay.

And the costs can be significant. In 2024, the Insurance Information Institute reported average auto liability claim amounts of $28,278 for bodily injury and $6,770 for property damage. That’s far beyond what many households can comfortably pay out of pocket.

In fact, the Federal Reserve’s most recent economic well-being report shows that only about 63% of adults said they could cover a hypothetical $400 emergency expense using cash/savings (or a credit card paid off at the next statement). If $400 is a challenge for many households, an accident that causes thousands in damage can be financially devastating without insurance.

Auto insurance can also protect you. While collision and comprehensive coverage help repair or replace your own vehicle, most states mainly require liability coverage to protect other people if you cause a crash.

And to register your vehicle, you typically must maintain your state’s minimum level of liability insurance (or more). If you have a financed or leased vehicle, your lender will usually require collision and comprehensive—and may expect low deductibles and gap coverage—to protect their financial interest in the car.

How Much Insurance Is Mandatory?

There’s no single answer because minimum requirements vary by state. Some states have relatively low minimums, while others require higher limits and/or additional coverages.

For example, in California, the minimum liability limits increased in 2025. California now requires $30,000 bodily injury per person, $60,000 bodily injury per accident, and $15,000 property damage.

The best way to confirm your exact requirements is to check your state’s rules—and then consider buying higher limits than the minimum. Minimum limits are designed to be a legal floor, not a guarantee you’ll be financially protected after a serious crash.

No-Fault States and PIP Requirements

Some states operate under a no-fault system, which typically requires personal injury protection (PIP). PIP is meant to pay certain medical expenses (and sometimes lost wages) regardless of who caused the accident—up to the policy limit.

There are currently 12 no-fault states in the U.S.:

• Florida
• Hawaii
• Kansas
• Kentucky (choice no-fault)
• Massachusetts
• Michigan
• Minnesota
• New Jersey (choice no-fault)
• New York
• North Dakota
• Pennsylvania (choice no-fault)
• Utah

Note: Some at-fault states also require PIP (or a similar medical benefit), and some offer it optionally. That’s why checking your state’s requirements matters.

The Importance of Auto Insurance on a Personal Basis

If you get pulled over without proof of auto insurance, you may face fines and other penalties (and in many states, registration suspension). If you cause an accident without insurance, you can also be personally responsible for injuries, vehicle repairs, property damage, and legal costs—potentially for years.

There are also practical benefits to having coverage beyond the legal minimum. Collision coverage can help even if the other driver is uninsured. Comprehensive coverage can pay for non-collision damage like theft, vandalism, hail, or storm damage. And medical payments coverage (MedPay) can help cover medical bills for you and your passengers depending on your state and policy.

FAQs on Why Car Insurance Is Mandatory

Mandatory Car Insurance Helps Keep Everyone Protected

Since driving can harm other people and property, liability insurance is required in most places to make sure damages can be paid after a crash. How much insurance you need depends on your state, your vehicle, and your financial risk. People who lease or finance vehicles are usually required to carry higher coverage than those who own their vehicles outright.

Insurance protects you, your passengers, and everyone else you share the road with. No matter what state you live in, having an adequate amount to handle real-world accidents is a must.